The purpose of the study is to review knowledge management models in an organization in a context of digital transformation, as. The scientific novelty of this article is the comparison of knowledge management models, as in the age of digitization the issue of creating a common knowledge base becomes relevant and the choice of a model depends on its key characteristics. As a result, it is established that for knowledge management initiatives to succeed, digital enterprises should start by examining existing (...) models and approaches and then apply them effectively, IT. is an important intermediary for increasing the company's dynamism and decision-making efficiency. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the existing leading methodologies for building enterprise architecture. The purpose of the study is to develop a more accurate understanding of what methodologies exist for building an enterprise architecture. Knowledge is important for analyzing the company's activities, building its architecture for effective work, as well as for using ready-made solutions in conducting business. Scientific novelty lies in the structuring of data within a single study. As a result, leading methodologies were analyzed, described (...) structurally, and for top management the main stages of planning are given. (shrink)

Counterfactual thinking involves the imagination of non-factual alternatives to reality. We investigated the spontaneous generation of both upward counterfactuals, which improve on reality, and downward counterfactuals, which worsen reality. All subjects gained $5 playing a computer-simulated blackjack game. However, this outcome was framed to be perceived as either a win, a neutral event, or a loss. "Loss" frames produced more upward and fewer downward counterfactuals than did either "win" or "neutral" frames, but the overall prevalence of counterfactual thinking did not (...) vary with outcome valence. In addition, subjects who expected to play the game again made more upward counterfactuals and were less satisfied with the outcome than were subjects who did not expect to play again. However, once subjects saw the cards from which they could have selected had they "hit" again (two winning cards and two losing cards), all subjects generated primarily upward counterfactuals and showed a corresponding decrease in satisfaction. These results implicate both cognitive and motivational factors in the generation of counterfactuals and tell us something about the functional value of counterfactual thinking: downward counterfactuals provide comfort; upward counterfactuals prepare one for the future. (shrink)

Effects of perceived control and close alternative outcomes were examined. Subjects played a computer-simulated "wheel-of-fortune" game with another player in which two wheels spun simultaneously. Subjects had either control over spinning the wheel or control over which wheel would determine their outcome and which would determine the other player's outcome. Results showed that (a) subjects generated counterfactuals about the aspect of the game that they controlled, (b) the direction of these counterfactuals corresponded to the close outcome associated with the aspect (...) they controlled, and (c) close counterfactuals predicted affective responses to the outcome of the wheel spin. Cognitive and motivational implications of the influence of perceived control on counterfactual generation are discussed. (shrink)

If coherence is to have justificatory status, as some analytical philosophers think it has, it must be truth-conducive, if perhaps only under certain specific conditions. This paper is a critical discussion of some recent arguments that seek to show that under no reasonable conditions can coherence be truth-conducive. More specifically, it considers Bovens and Hartmann’s and Olsson’s “impossibility results,” which attempt to show that coherence cannot possibly be a truth-conducive property. We point to various ways in which the advocates of (...) a coherence theory of justification may attempt to divert the threat of these results. (shrink)

Обсуждается широкий круг проблем взаимоотношения сознания и материи. Особое внимание уделено анализу структуры и свойств сознания в рамках информационной эволюции. А также – анализу роли специфических (невычислительных) свойств сознания в процедуре классических и квантовых измерений. В частности, подробно обсуждается вопрос о «клонировании» сознания (возможности копирования его свойств его на новый материальный носитель). Мы надеемся, что сформулированный нами обобщенный принцип дополнительности откроет новые пути для исследования проблем сознания в рамках фундаментальной физической картины мира.

David Earl Over is a leading cognitive scientist and, with his firm grounding in philosophical logic, he also exerts a powerful influence on the psychology of reasoning. He is responsible for not only a large body of empirical work and accompanying theory, but for advancing a major shift in thinking about reasoning, commonly known as the 'new paradigm' in the psychology of human reasoning. Over's signature mix of philosophical logic and experimental psychology has inspired generations of researchers, psychologists, and philosophers (...) alike over more than a quarter of a century. The chapters in this volume, written by a leading group of contributors including a number who helped shape the psychology of reasoning as we know it today, each take their starting point from the key themes of Over's ground-breaking work. The essays in this collection explore a wide range of central topics--such as rationality, bias, dual processes, and dual systems--as well as contemporary psychological and philosophical theories of conditionals. It concludes with an engaging new chapter, authored by David Over himself, which details and analyses the new paradigm psychology of reasoning. This book is therefore important reading for scholars, researchers, and advanced students in psychology, philosophy, and the cognitive sciences, including those who are not familiar with Over's thought already. (shrink)

O presente artigo expõe, a partir de uma análise da sistemática metodológica estabelecida na Ciência da Lógica de Hegel, a concepção de quantum, como forma de propiciar as reflexões necessárias no desenvolvimento especulativo da segunda parte da Doutrina do Ser. Para isso, buscamos evidenciar a relação dialética entre a concepção de qualidade e quantidade, para assim compreender a ordem sistemática de desenvolvimento dialético do Ser, em que a determinação qualitativa é posta imediatamente na unidade com o próprio ser, enquanto a (...) quantidade está estabelecida na suprassunção da qualidade. Para tanto, delineamos a distinção entre quantidade pura, indeterminada e a quantidade determinada pelo quantum, mediante a problematização de concepções que estabelecem a configuração do quantum nas suas próprias determinações, tais como valor numérico e unidade, que subsidiam a fundamentação lógica do número. Por fim, tratamos da relação de diferença e identidade dos conceitos de grandezas extensiva e intensiva, para assim compreender a noção de infinitude quantitativa. (shrink)

David E. Over is a leading cognitive scientist and, with his firm grounding in philosophical logic, he also exerts a powerful influence on the psychology of reasoning. He is responsible for not only a large body of empirical work and accompanying theory, but for advancing a major shift in thinking about reasoning, commonly known as the ‘new paradigm’ in the psychology of human reasoning. -/- Over’s signature mix of philosophical logic and experimental psychology has inspired generations of researchers, psychologists, and (...) philosophers alike over more than a quarter of a century. The chapters in this volume, written by a leading group of contributors including a number who helped shape the psychology of reasoning as we know it today, each take their starting point from the key themes of Over’s ground-breaking work. The essays in this collection explore a wide range of central topics—such as rationality, bias, dual processes, and dual systems—as well as contemporary psychological and philosophical theories of conditionals. It concludes with an engaging new chapter, authored by David E. Over himself, which details and analyses the new paradigm psychology of reasoning. -/- This book is therefore important reading for scholars, researchers, and advanced students in psychology, philosophy, and the cognitive sciences, including those who are not familiar with Over’s thought already. (shrink)

The present paper discusses the problem of quantum-mechanical properties of a subject’s consciousness. The model of generalized economic measurements is used for the analysis. Two types of such measurements are analyzed – transactions and technologies. Algebraic ratios between the technology-type measurements allow making their analogy with slit experiments in physics. It has been shown that the description of results of such measurements is possible both in classical and in quantum formalism of calculation of probabilities. Thus, the quantum-mechanical formalism of the (...) description of states appears as a result of idealization of the selection mechanism in the proprietor's consciousness. (shrink)

The past three decades of policy process studies have seen the emergence of a clear intellectual lineage with regard to complexity. Implicitly or explicitly, scholars have employed complexity theory to examine the intricate dynamics of collective action in political contexts. However, the methodological counterparts to complexity theory, such as computational methods, are rarely used and, even if they are, they are often detached from established policy process theory. Building on a critical review of the application of complexity theory to policy (...) process studies, we present and implement a baseline model of policy processes using the logic of coevolving networks. Our model suggests that an actor’s influence depends on their environment and on exogenous events facilitating dialogue and consensus-building. Our results validate previous opinion dynamics models and generate novel patterns. Our discussion provides ground for further research and outlines the path for the field to achieve a computational turn. (shrink)

Introduction. Modern times are characterized by independence from financial support for travel due to introducing an ordinary region with its daily surrounding into tourist circulation, focusing not on distance, but on the depth of emotions when choosing a place to visit. The aim of the study is to assess the factors of transforming the tourist environment in a region, which might result in a number of challenges for managing the regional development. Methods. In the framework of the study, both general (...) logical methods and empirical methods are used. In particular, the analysis of approaches to managing a tourist region in the post-tourism era, as well as new tourist practices are based on classification and periodization. When choosing the factors of the tourist region new format, the case method and comparison were applied. The scientific novelty of the study. The authors substantiate that the new era will be determined by changes in the labor–leisure ratio, new tourist practices and new tourist region format. The new tourist region format involves a transition to understanding the tourist as a temporary resident of the region and actualizes the need for coexistence. Results. The state of post-tourism for such a region may be due to the emergence of new residentsowners of second homes and business migrants, as well as the social effect of deliberate tourism practices. The competition of such regions is based on intangible resources. The factors of transforming the tourist environment made it possible to give a new look at assessing the effectiveness of an event for the territory. The authors propose threshold values that will allow making decisions on the co-financing of the event from the regional or local budget. Conclusions. Hybridization of tourism and leisure does not provide a complete answer about a possible reduction in work hours, however, indicates a short-term leisure mobility of individuals. New tourism practices are based on awareness and desire to increase self-efficacy. Such transformations open up new opportunities for the territory development. (shrink)

Conditionals whose antecedent and consequent are not somehow internally connected tend to strike us as odd. The received doctrine is that this felt oddness is to be explained pragmatically. Exactly how the pragmatic explanation is supposed to go has remained elusive, however. This paper discusses recent philosophical and psychological work that attempts to account semantically for the apparent oddness of conditionals lacking an internal connection between their parts.

Mindwandering is associated with both positive and negative outcomes. Among the latter, negative mood and negative cognitions have been reported. However, the underlying mechanisms linking mindwandering to negative mood and cognition are still unclear. We hypothesized that MW could either directly enhance negative thinking or indirectly heighten the accessibility of negative thoughts. In an undergraduate sample we measured emotional thoughts during the Sustained Attention on Response Task which induces MW, and accessibility of negative cognitions by means of the Scrambled Sentences (...) Task after the task. We also measured depressive symptoms and rumination. Results show that in individuals with elevated levels of depressive symptoms MW during SART predicts higher accessibility of negative thoughts after the task, rather than negative thinking during the task. These findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of MW and provide insight into the relationship between task-involvement and affect. (shrink)

Natural language provides motivation for studying modal backwards-looking operators such as “now”, “then” and “actually” that evaluate their argument formula at some previously considered point instead of the current one. This paper investigates the expressive power over models of both propositional and first-order basic modal language enriched with such operators. Having defined an appropriate notion of bisimulation for first-order modal logic, I show that backwards-looking operators increase its expressive power quite mildly, contrary to beliefs widespread among philosophers of language and (...) formal semanticists. That in turn presents a strong argument for the use of operator-based systems in the semantics of natural language, instead of systems with explicit quantification over worlds and times that have become a de-facto standard for such applications. The popularity of such explicit-quantification systems is shown to be based on the misinterpretation of a claim by Cresswell, which led many philosophers and linguists to assume that introducing “now” and “then” is expressively equivalent to explicitly quantifying over worlds and times. (shrink)

The possibility of formal representation of Aristotle’s discussion about singular predication in Categories 10, 13b27-35 is investigated through three symbolic idioms: the first-order language with identity, with and without definitive description, and through the languages of free logics. I show that such representations are not fully adequate. According to the first option, we are committing Aristotle with some (meta)logical implications he is not willing to accept. According to the second option, we are burdening Aristotle with Russell’s theory of names. Finally, (...) the third option leaves us with the assumption that ‘exist(s)’ could be represented with a predicate. This assumption, however, Aristotle emphatically rejects. (shrink)

The sequent system LDJ is formulated using the same connectives as Gentzen's intuitionistic sequent system LJ, but is dual in the following sense: (i) whereas LJ is singular in the consequent, LDJ is singular in the antecedent; (ii) whereas LJ has the same sentential counter-theorems as classical LK but not the same theorems, LDJ has the same sentential theorems as LK but not the same counter-theorems. In particular, LDJ does not reject all contradictions and is accordingly paraconsistent. To obtain a (...) more precise mapping, both LJ and LDJ are extended by adding a "pseudo-difference" operator which is the dual of intuitionistic implication. Cut-elimination and decidability are proved for the extended systems and , and a simply consistent but -inconsistent Set Theory with Unrestricted Comprehension Schema based on LDJ is sketched. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Jahrgang: 58 Heft: 3 Seiten: 337-348.

Povijest je u Hölderlina prije svega mišljena kao povijest iskona. Iskon bitka u Hölderlina jest o sebi vječno, sebe u sebi samom razlučujuće jedno, koje se nužno u vremenu razvija u slijedu svojih stanja ili doba. Povijest je ono doba iskona koje slijedi nakon pretpovijesnog, a prethodi budućem dobu koje ima doći s dovršenjem povijesti. No povijest je ujedno i povijest svijeta ukoliko je povijest prisutnosti i odsutnosti iskona u svijetu. U svom pretpovijesnom dobu iskon se pojavljuje kao prirodno jedinstvo (...) ili jedinstvo prirode koja u sebi obuhvaća nerazvijeno umijeće. To se iskonsko jedinstvo zatim gubi u povijesnom razdvajanju umijeća i prirode, da bi se na koncu povijesti uspostavilo ponovno jedinstvo koje, međutim, nije istovjetno prvotnom jedinstvu onih suprotnih, već je jedinstvo njihova jedinstva i razdvajanja. U tom se savršenom sjedinjenju pomiruju vječnost i vrijeme, tj. ono o sebi vječno jedno ozbiljuje se kao iskonski svijet.Povijesno udvajanje iskonskog jedinstva na prirodu i umijeće Hölderlin također promatra pod vidom suprotstavljenosti dvaju temeljnih suprotnih »životnih težnji« i njima pripadajućih suprotnih ugođaja – strastvenosti i trezvenosti. Hölderlin objašnjava kako se te suprotstavljene težnje života ili temeljni ugođaji povijesno očituju i na temelju toga međusobno uspoređuje grčku i hesperijsku umjetnost. Povijest obrazuje slijed razdoblja, koji je određen smjenom sklada i suprotstavljenosti temeljnih ugođaja.Tijekom povijesti, iskonsko je sjedinjenje prirode i umijeća moguće samo na način tragedije. U onom tragičkom iskon više ne djeluje samo posredno u razvoju svojih odvojenih dijelova nego se objavljuje neposredno. Ali tragičko je sjedinjenje nesavršeno i privremeno. Povijest je tako određena nizom tragičkih sjedinjenja, iz kojih nužno proizlazi novi oblik razdvajanja. Kao što je tragedija u sredini između starog i novog perioda svijeta, tako je i povijest u cjelini tragička sredina između dvaju doba iskona u kojima je on sjedinjen.Die Geschichte ist bei Hölderlin vor allem als die Geschichte des Ursprungs gedacht. DerUrsprung des Seins bei Hölderlin ist das an sich ewige, sich in sich selbst unterscheidendeEine, das sich notwendig in der Zeit im Verlauf seiner Zustände oder Perioden entwickelt. DieGeschichte ist diejenige Periode des Ursprungs, die nach der vorgeschichtlichen Periode folgtund einer künftigen Periode vorausgeht, die mit der Vollendung der Geschichte zu kommenhat. Die Geschichte ist aber zugleich die Geschichte der Welt, insofern sie die Geschichte derAnwesenheit und Abwesenheit des Ursprungs in der Welt ist. In seiner vorgeschichtlichen Pe­riode erscheint der Ursprung als die natürliche Einheit oder die Einheit der Natur, welche dieunentwickelte Kunst in sich umfasst. Diese ursprüngliche Einheit geht dann in der geschicht­lichen Trennung der Kunst und der Natur verloren, damit am Ende der Geschichte die Einheitwiederhergestellt wird, welche aber nicht mit der anfänglichen Einheit des Gegensätzlichengleichzusetzen ist, sondern die Einheit ihrer Einheit und Trennung ist. In dieser vollkommenenVereinigung werden die Ewigkeit und die Zeit versöhnt, d.h. das an sich ewige Eine wird als dieursprüngliche Welt verwirklicht.Die geschichtliche Entzweiung der ursprünglichen Einheit in Natur und Kunst wird von Hölder­lin auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Entgegensetzung von zwei „Grundtendenzen des Lebens”und ihnen zugehörenden Stimmungen – Leidenschaft und Nüchternheit, betrachtet. Hölderlin erklärt wie diese Grundstimmungen sich geschichtlich manifestieren und im Zusammenhangdamit vergleicht miteinander die griechische und hesperische Kunst. Die Geschichte bildet dieFolge der Perioden, die durch den Wechsel der Harmonie und der Entgegensetzung der Grund­stimmungen bestimmt ist.Im Laufe der Geschichte ist die ursprüngliche Vereinigung der Natur und Kunst nur als Tragö­die möglich. Im Tragischen wirkt der Ursprung nicht nur mittelbar, in der Entwicklung seinerentgegengesetzten Teile, sondern offenbart sich unmittelbar. Aber die tragische Vereinigung istunvollkommen und temporär. Die Geschichte ist so durch eine Reihe von tragischen Vereinigungenbestimmt,aus denen eine neue Gestalt der Trennung notwendig hervorgeht. So wie dieTragödie in der Mitte zwischen der alten und neuen Weltperiode steht, ebenso ist auch die Ge­schichte im Ganzen die tragische Mitte zwischen zwei Perioden des vereinigten Ursprungs. (shrink)

Conditionals are sentences of the form 'If A, then B', and they play a central role in scientific, logical, and everyday reasoning. They have been in the philosophical limelight for centuries, and more recently, they have been receiving attention from psychologists, linguists, and computer scientists. In spite of this, many key questions concerning conditionals remain unanswered. While most of the work on conditionals has addressed semantical questions - questions about the truth conditions of conditionals - this book focuses on the (...) main epistemological questions that conditionals give rise to, such as: what are the probabilities of conditionals? When is a conditional acceptable or assertable? What do we learn when we receive new conditional information? In answering these questions, this book combines the formal tools of logic and probability theory with the experimental approach of cognitive psychology. It will be of interest to students and researchers in logic, epistemology, and psychology of reasoning. (shrink)

A defense of the rationality of adductive inference from the criticisms of Bayesian theorists.

We focus here on the intercalary heterochromatin (IH) of Drosophila melanogaster and, in particular, its molecular properties. In the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila, IH is represented by a reproducible set of dense bands scattered along the euchromatic arms. IH contains mainly unique DNA sequences, and shares certain features with other heterochromatin types such as pericentric, telomeric, and PEV‐induced heterochromatin, the inactive mammalian X‐chromosome and the heterochromatized male chromosome set in coccids. These features are transcriptional silencing, chromatin compactness, late DNA replication, (...) underrreplication or elimination in somatic cells, and formation of the heterochromatin state in early embryogenesis. Post‐translational modification of histones and the specific nonhistone protein complexes are shown to participate in the establishment and maintenance of silencing for all heterochromatin types. Many IH regions contain binding sites for HP1 and/or Pc‐G proteins and all the regions are sites of heterochromatin‐associated SuUR protein. Some IH regions are known to contain homeotic genes. Summarizing these data, we suggest that IH regions comprise stable inactivated genes, whose silencing is developmentally programmed. BioEssays 25:1040–1051, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

A paper on how to adapt your probabilisitc beliefs when learning a conditional.

У статті розглядається специфіка віровчення та основних методів культової та позакультової діяльності прихильників однієї з найвідоміших нетрадиційних синкретичних релігій - саєнтології. Культова практика саєнтологів носить допоміжний характер, а головним для них є надання різноманітних платних послуг. Саєнтологи підтримують соціальні програми: антинаркотичні, антиалкогольні, захист прав людини та ін. Соціальні програми адептів Церкви саєнтології є переважно прикриттям для виконання їхніх місіонерських завдань.

In this article I show that Dostoevskij criticized traditional Christianity, and that for him the authentic teaching of Christianity concerned the unity of man and God, the existence in man of a divine “dimension,” the opening of which allows man to become an absolute being. In the context of this understanding of man and God the concept of “joy” is an important one. This concept includes, on the one hand, the fullness of earthly human life and, on the other hand, (...) the transformation of man and of all earthly being into an absolute and divine state. Dostoevskij’s philosophical outlook appears to be a development of a well known philosophical tradition, mystical pantheism. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to reconstruct the concept of natural necessity upon which the empirical causal type of a scientific law rests and to enlarge the notion of the conditions of a scientific law. According to regularity theory, what counts in the investigation of causation is the universality of causal proposition. So in this theory priority is given to the explication of the concept “scientific law”. Such an explication was provided by Popper in the first edition of his (...) Logik der Forschung. He defines here the concept “scientific law” by distinguishing between strictly universal propositions and numerical propositions. Later Popper, drawing upon W. Kneale´s criticism, proposed another definition of natural necessity. He expounds his revised view in Chapter X* of the new appendices of the Logic of Scientific Discovery by means of the famous moa-example. He views statement “All moas die before the age of fifty years” as not physically necessary because its truth depends on the presence of conditions different from singular initial conditions. Ba distinguishing between singular initial conditions and modification conditions I, contrary to Popper, claim that that statement can be viewed as naturally necessary. (shrink)